Abstract: In the lecture, I will discuss the role of Notch signalling in health and disease. Notch signalling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that is pivotal for differentiation and homeostasis in most organs and tissues. Notch signalling has a simple architecture but generates considerable diversity in the signaling output in a cell context-dependent manner. I will provide examples of the roles of Notch in control of stem/progenitor cell differentiation but also discuss how Notch signaling is important for cellular homeostasis in different organs.

In the light of its importance in cellular differentiation, it is logical that dysregulated Notch signalling can lead to disease, and I will discuss data from two diseases caused by mutations in the Notch signalling pathway: Alagille syndrome, which is caused by mutations in the ligand JAGGED1 and the stroke and dementia syndrome CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy), a disease caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. There is currently no therapy available for CADASIL patients, but I will describe recent preclinical testing of active immunization as a potential therapy strategy. Finally, I will discuss recent data on how an ailing vasculature caused by NOTCH3 mutations can lead to secondary problems for the brain’s immune regulation and the heart.

Biography: Dr. Urban Lendahl holds a PhD from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (1987). During 1987-1989 he conducted postdoctoral work at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with Professor Ron McKay as advisor. Lendahl is since 1997 Professor of Genetics at the Karolinska Institute.

Lendahl conducts research in the area of tumor biology, liver and vascular biology. The focus of his research is on the Notch signaling pathway and how dysregulated Notch signaling leads to disease, for example in liver and vascular diseases. Lendahl has also contributed to decoding the molecular architecture of the vascular system.

Lendahl has served as head of the Nobel Committee for Physiology and Medicine 2012 and as Secretary of the Nobel Assembly 2015. He has served as head of the review committee of the Human Frontiers Science Foundation, as a member of the Board of Directors of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR), the Trustees Committee for the Koerber European Science Award as well as the Jury for the Heineken Prize. He holds a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Hong Kong University and was awarded the Litchfield Lectureship with Title at Oxford University in 2018. Since 2022 Lendahl is the Secretary for the Sjoberg Prize in cancer research at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Abstract: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells represent an invaluable cell source for therapeutic regenerative medicine. However, derivation of bona-fide iPSC is limited by low efficiency of the process and often heterogeneously reprogrammed cell populations. We have used multi-modal single-cell platform to analyze intermediate reprogramming cells to decipher the underlying mechanism governing epigenetic changes during the process. Unlike PSCs, Expanded Pluripotent Stem Cells (EPSC) manifest self-organizing ability in forming blastocyst-like structures upon induction. However, the intrinsic regulators orchestrating such blastoid forming potential remain unknown. We identified a nuclear receptor (NR) protein, which abrogation drastically reduces blastoid formation. Single chemical agonist for NR activation is sufficient in rewiring conventional Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) towards a distinct pluripotency state capable of forming blastoids and contributing to embryonic and extraembryonic lineage in vivo. Mechanistically, we uncover a novel dual regulatory role of NR by interacting with corepressor or coactivator complex to modulate specific transposable elements cis-regulatory functions on target genes, to confer expanded pluripotency.

Biography: LOH Yuin-Han Jonathan is the Deputy Executive Director and Research Director at the A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), where he also serves as the Director for the Cell Biology and Therapies Research Division. Concurrently, he is a Professor (Adjunct) at the National University Singapore (NUS) Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and a Faculty member of the NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering. He did his Ph.D. research in at the A*STAR Genome Institute of Singapore where he decoded the genetic and epigenetic regulation in embryonic stem cells (2006 Nature Genetics). He then moved to Boston Children Hospital at Harvard Medical School for postdoctoral training. There, he pioneered the use of reprogramming technologies to model hematopoietic diseases (2010 Nature; 2010 Cell Stem Cell). He joined IMCB as an A*STAR Investigator in 2011. His current research focuses on dissecting the mechanisms regulating cell fate changes, including how 1) epigenetic factors work with endogenous retro-element to coordinate gene expression programme (2015 Cell), 2) transcription factors direct transdifferentiation and somatic cell reprogramming (2016 Nat Commun.; 2020 Science Adv.), and 3) epitranscriptome regulation of cell states (2023 Molecular Cell). His research work has earned him several prestigious national and international accolades including the MIT TR35 Asia Pacific Award, Singapore Young Scientist Award. World Technology Network Fellowship, Stem Cell Society Singapore Outstanding Investigator Award, Entrepreneurship World Cup.

Abstract: The immune system has two broad arms: innate immunity that is thought to provide general protection, and adaptive immunity that is capable of tailoring its responses with high specificity to foreign invaders. Yet, recent studies have revealed that macrophages, key immune sentinel cells that are the first to respond to pathogens and tissue injury, are capable of stimulus-specific responses. How stimulus-specific such innate immune responses remains unknown. I will present our recent studies to quantify the Specificity of Stimulus-Responses of macrophages and how they are affected by polarizing cytokines. As macrophage stimulus responses are highly dynamic and show cell-to-cell heterogeneity, our studies involve novel experimental measurement and computational analytical tools.

Biography: Alexander Hoffmann is the Thomas M Asher Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at UCLA, and the founding director of the Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio). Before joining UCLA in 2014, he was Professor of Biochemistry at UCSD; there he founded the San Diego Center for Systems Biology (SDCSB), the BioCircuits Institute (BCI), and directed the Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology.

In his PhD with Robert Roeder at Rockefeller University he cloned the TATA box binding protein (TBP), which specifies where RNA polymerase initiates transcription. In his postdoc with David Baltimore at MIT and Caltech, he discovered the dynamic control of NFκB and established the hypothesis that there is a Temporal Code in stimulus-responsive signaling systems. This has been a far-reaching concept that has informed studies on many signaling systems including MAPK, ERK, p53, interferon, and many others. His own laboratory characterized this Temporal Code and the mechanisms that enable it, and they reported the identification of “Signaling Codons”, dynamic features in NFκB activities that convey information to nuclear target genes.

His current research aims to develop a predictive understanding of immune responses, focusing on immune sentinel macrophages, on the generation of antibody responses by B-cells, and on the generation of new immune cells via hematopoiesis.

Abstract: My vision is to understand the fundamental problems in the genetics and immunity of cancer and other human diseases, and to develop next-generation therapeutics. By intersecting two emerging fields, I envision a concept “genome engineering for, of, and as immunotherapy”. My group develop high-throughput genome engineering and screening technologies for the discovery of immunotherapy targets; perform genome engineering of next-generation therapeutic immune cells such as CAR-Ts; and harness genome engineering directly as novel immunotherapy modalities by re-directing the genetic manipulations towards immune modulation. My lab’s research uncovers novel insights in cancer and seeks to develop them into the next generation of therapeutics.

Abstract: Single-cell RNA-sequencing is widely used to map cell types and transcriptomic programs in health and disease. However, commonly used approaches can only sequence the ends of RNA molecules, limiting the scope of new discoveries. Here, I will discuss the development of an improved full-length scRNA-seq method that finally overcomes the long-standing compromise between cost, cellular throughput, and data quality. Excitingly, this technology opens up the possibility to map out cell-type usage and regulation of alternative splicing patterns.

Biography: Christoph completed his PhD studies at the University of Munich, Germany in 2017 where he was working on new single cell technology and evolutionary genomics. From 2018, he was a Postdoc with Prof. Rickard Sandberg at Karolinska Institute, developing high throughput full-length single cell methods and studying transcriptional kinetics. Now, he is starting his own group at Karolinska Institute with a focus on alternative splicing.

Abstract: CD45 is an attractive target for nearly all hematopoietic tumors but has been considered “undruggable” due to high levels of CD45 expression on stem cells and all cells of the adaptive and innate immune system. Gene deletion of CD45 is not possible because the tyrosine phosphatase domain is essential for function in stem cells and T cells. We have found that CRISPR base editing can install function preserving mutations on the extracellular domain of CD45. Therefore, CD45 CAR T cells avoid fratricide and CD45BE HSC and their progeny are not targeted by CD45 CARBE T cells. We provide preclinical data to support this approach as an effective cell therapy for AML; to date, AML has not been targeted with CAR T cells due to the shared antigenic targets on AML and the closely related HSC.

Abstract: For cells to initiate and sustain a differentiated state, it is necessary that a ‘memory’ of this state is transmitted through mitosis to the daughter cells. Mammalian switch/ sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complexes (also known as Brg1/Brg-associated factors, or BAF) control cell identity by modulating chromatin architecture to regulate gene expression, but whether they participate in cell fate memory is unclear. Here we provide evidence that subunits of SWI/SNF act as mitotic bookmarks to safeguard cell identity during cell division. The SWI/SNF core subunits SMARCE1 and SMARCB1 are displaced from enhancers but are bound to promoters during mitosis and we show that this binding is required for appropriate reactivation of bound genes after mitotic exit. Ablation of SMARCE1 during a single mitosis in mouse embryonic stem cells is sufficient to disrupt gene expression, impair the occupancy of several established bookmarks at a subset of their targets and cause aberrant neural differentiation. Thus, SWI/SNF subunit SMARCE1 has a mitotic bookmarking role and is essential for heritable epigenetic fidelity during transcriptional reprogramming.

Abstract: Generating cells with molecular and functional properties of early embryo cells is an aim with fundamental biological and medical relevance. I will communicate on the in vitro generation of mouse transient totipotent morula-like cells (MLCs) via manipulation of signaling pathways. MLCs are molecularly distinct from embryonic stem cells and cluster instead with totipotent 8-16-cell stage embryo cells. Single MLCs can generate blastoids and efficiency increases to 80% when 8-10 MLCs are used. MLCs are also sufficient to efficiently generate gastrulating-like embryoids displaying all cell types of embryonic and extraembryonic origins. MLCs introduced into morulae develop into molecularly indistinguishable epiblast, primitive endoderm and trophectoderm fates. These findings are important for the harnessing of totipotency and for the creation of sophisticated and advanced in vitro embryoids from a single cell population.

Biography: José is a full-time Principal Investigator at the department of fundamental research at the Guangzhou National Laboratory. José is a former Principal Research Associate and Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow at the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute at the University of Cambridge. He has served as a Principal Investigator at the University of Cambridge for 12 years and engaged in cell fate determination and stem cell related research. José is also known for his pioneering contributions to the research field of nuclear reprogramming. Jose’s current work is focused on the development of systems that can mimic early embryonic development in vitro. His goal with these systems is to be able to create in the laboratory desired cell types for applications in regenerative medicine. José has authored numerous publications as first and as corresponding author published in top tier scientific journals such as Cell, Nature and Cell Stem Cell, and these publications are highly cited. During his time at the University of Cambridge he won successively highly competitive and prestigious awards, including the Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship Award. Recently, José was the recipient of the prestigious National Major Talent Award (China).

Abstract:Remarkable progress in life science and technology in the past century has advanced our fundamental understanding of the human body beyond our imagination. The ever-increasing knowledge of human anatomy and biology, however, has done surprisingly little to improve the way we emulate and probe the complex inner workings of the human body. Even today, our ability to model human physiological systems relies on the century-old practice of cell culture or animal experimentation that has raised significant scientific and ethical concerns. The paucity of predictive and human-relevant model systems is emerging as a critical im-pediment to our scientific endeavors for a wide variety of biomedical applications. This talk will present interdisciplinary research efforts in my laboratory to develop microengineered in vitro models that can emulate the structural and functional complexity of human organs for biomedical and environmental applications.

Abstract: Cutaneous melanoma is a highly immunogenic malignancy that is surgically curable at early stages but life-threatening when metastatic. Here we integrate high-plex imaging, 3D high-resolution microscopy, and spatially resolved microregion transcriptomics to study immune evasion and immunoediting in primary melanoma. We find that recurrent cellular neighborhoods involving tumor, immune, and stromal cells change significantly along a progression axis involving precursor states, melanoma in situ, and invasive tumor. Hallmarks of immunosuppression are already detectable in precursor regions. When tumors become locally invasive, a consolidated and spatially restricted suppressive environment forms along the tumor–stromal boundary. This environment is established by cytokine gradients that promote expression of MHC-II and IDO1, and by PD1–PDL1-mediated cell contacts involving macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. A few millimeters away, cytotoxic T cells synapse with melanoma cells in fields of tumor regression. Thus, invasion and immunoediting can coexist within a few millimeters of each other in a single specimen.

Abstract: Cells make fate decisions in response to dynamic environments, and multicellular structures emerge from multiscale interplays among cells and genes in space and time. The recent single-cell genomics technology provides an unprecedented opportunity to profile cells. However, those measurements are taken as static snapshots of many individual cells that often lose spatiotemporal information. How to obtain temporal relationships among cells from such measurements? How to recover spatial interactions among cells, such as cell-cell communication? In this talk I will present our newly developed computational tools that dissect transition properties of cells and infer cell-cell communication based on nonspatial single-cell genomics data. In addition, I will present methods to derive multicellular spatiotemporal pattern from spatial transcriptomics datasets. Through applications of those methods to several complex systems in development, regeneration, and diseases, we show the discovery power of such methods and identify areas for further development for spatiotemporal reconstruction of single-cell genomics data.

Abstract: The use of ex-vivo cultured cells as a therapeutic means is currently moving into the clinic setting to treat devastating degenerative conditions. We have addressed one of the most urgent roadblocks for such cell therapies: the allograft tolerance without the need for immune suppression. We hypothesized that transgenic expression of eight local-acting, immune-modulatory transgenes is sufficient to protect cells against rejection and achieve induced Allogeneic Cell Tolerance (iACT) in fully immune-competent mice. Allografts survived long-term, in different MHC-mismatched recipients, and without the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The immune-modulatory genes have highly conserved functions, suggesting that the strategy would also work in the human system. iACT stem cells could serve as a source for off-the-shelf available cells to treat/cure medical conditions without the need for immune suppression of the patient.

However, it is critical to provide a steadfast level of safety in cell-based therapies involving evasion of immune rejection. The lack of immune surveillance on these cells increases the likelihood of developing cancer. To make the cells clinically relevant, we developed a solution for cell safety by building a highly reliable kill-switch into cells, allowing for the elimination of cells with cancerous potential or uncontrolled proliferation. This “FailSafeTM” cell system also enables the quantification of risk in the function of cell number needed for each specific therapeutical goal, which is critical to making informed decisions by the regulators, doctors, and patients to advance the modern medicine-transforming cell therapies.

The combination of the FailSafe™ cell and iACT genome editing allows for generating a “single” pluripotent cell line as a source of off-the-shelf available therapeutic cell products. These cells can be further edited to express biologics in order to attain other therapeutic effects explicitly targeting the underlying mechanism of the disease, for example, exerting anti-inflammatory or analgesic effects or even antibodies against infections. Some models will be presented for such a combination of gene and allogeneic cell therapy.

Biography: Dr. Nagy has made significant breakthroughs in developmental genetics, mouse and human pluripotent stem cell biology (both embryonic and reprogramming-induced), disease modelling and cell therapy approaches. His team created the first Canadian human embryonic stem cell lines in early 2000. In 2009, they developed the first method allowing the generation of iPS cell lines without any genetic change. Their approach allowed studying the reprogramming process at multiple OMICS levels, almost at daily resolution from differentiated cells to pluripotency. His current research has become even more translational by addressing and coming up with solutions for two significant hurdles of cell therapies: safety and allogeneic cell acceptance without the need for suppression of the immune system. Dr. Nagy’s research in cell-based therapy aims to advance medicine with a focus on treating incurable degenerative diseases, such as blindness, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, spinal cord injury, ageing, haemophilia, hypothyroidism, chronic pain, and multiple neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, depression, and bipolar disease.

Abstract: We employ genetic, genomic, and proteomic approaches combined with cellular and mouse models to dissect the regulatory layers encompassing transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the distinct stem cell fates and early development. Our major efforts in studying mouse and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) maintenance have led to discovery of many transcription factors, noncoding miRNAs/lncRNAs, translation factors, and epigenetic regulators acting alone or in conjunction to maintain pluripotency. Totipotency, a remarkable cellular plasticity of a single cell in generating a complete organism with both embryonic and extraembryonic contribution, is essential for multicellularity and development. In mice, fully totipotent cells exist transiently in the zygote and cleavage-stage blastomeres, although totipotent 2-cell (2C)-like cells (2CLCs) can also arise sporadically or be induced genetically in cultured ESCs that are pluripotent and can only contribute to embryonic lineages. Recently, expanded potential stem cells or extended pluripotent stem cells, collectively known as EPSCs, with totipotency features were derived and stably cultured in vitro using two distinct sets of small molecule inhibitors. However, despite their functional similarities in embryonic and extraembryonic bipotential, 2CLCs and the two EPSC lines differ in their culture conditions, transcriptomes, and expression of core pluripotency factors NANOG/OCT4, suggestive of alternative totipotent states. Defining molecular pathways underlying these various totipotent cells will facilitate unraveling the complex regulatory mechanisms of totipotency and achieving the capture/stabilization of totipotent stem cells in culture. I will discuss our continuous efforts to understand the molecular control mechanisms of both pluripotency and totipotency.

Abstract: Exogenous expression of Oct4, Sox2, KLf4 and cMyc, convert somatic cells into iPSCs. This has not only made the generation of patient-derived pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine possible but also demonstrated the possibility to faithfully manipulate cellular identify by transcription factors (TFs) and supply desired cell types. Since the generation of iPSCs, many different cell types have been generated by cell type-specific master TFs. However, in general, TF-mediated cellular reprogramming is inefficient and often fails to generate fully functional cells. Even in the generation of iPSCs, only about 2-3% of the starting somatic cells can give rise to iPSCs at most. In order to understand the principles of TF-mediated reprogramming, we have recently performed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-wide knockout screening during iPSC generation and then identified 16 roadblock genes that hinder reprogramming, as well as 16 genes essential for iPSC generation but not for ES cell self-renewal or MEF proliferation. I will present how those genes inhibit or facilitate iPSC generation as a model of TF-mediated cell conversions.

Biography: Keisuke Kaji is currently a professor and an MRC Senior Non-Clinical Fellow in the Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh. He obtained his MSc and PhD in the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, in the laboratory of Prof Akira Kudo. In the Kudo lab, he generated CD9 knockout mice and revealed that CD9 on the egg surface is critical for sperm-egg fusion (Nature Genetics, 2000, Dev Biol, 2003). In 2003, he moved to Edinburgh as a postdoc with JSPS fellowship. During his postdoc, he studied the roles of the NuRD co-repressor complex in pluripotent cells in the Hendrich lab (Nature Cell Biol, 2006, Development, 2007). In January 2008, he started his own group and succeeded in making a non-viral single vector reprogramming system using the piggyBac transposon (Nature, 2009). Since then, his group identified cell surface markers to track the reprogramming process (Nature, 2013), and revealed that Smad3 can enhance multiple transcription factor-mediated cell conversions (Cell Stem Cell, 2017). His lab has recently performed CRISPR genome-wide knockout screening during reprogramming and identified a SINE binding protein ZFP266 impeded reprogramming factor-mediated chromatin opening (Nature Communications, 2022). 4-5 years ago, his group has also started working on reprogramming mature hepatocytes into progenitors with efficient re-differentiation capacities, aiming to achieve an unlimited supply of fully functional hepatocytes.

Abstract: The devastating pandemic viruses have led to a global public health crisis and heavy economic losses. The use of animal-originated cells, the low efficiency of cell proliferation, and the lack of sensitive readouts are the bottlenecks in the vaccine industry and antiviral drug development. It is urgently needed to develop a new type of human cell model to fit industrial manufacturing.

We have established a stem cell-based system where human Expanded Potential Stem Cells (hEPSCs) were used to generate bona fide trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) and trophoblast subtypes syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) and extravillus trophoblasts (EVTs). We discovered that early STBs (eSTBs) express high levels of SARS-CoV-2 host factor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and are productively infected by SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta and Omicron variants to produce virions. Antiviral drugs suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication and effectively mitigated the virus infection in eSTBs. Remarkably, the infected eSTBs are a few orders of magnitude (1000 times) more sensitive to the antiviral drugs. Stem cell-derived human trophoblasts such as eSTBs can potentially provide unlimited amounts of normal and genome-edited cells and facilitate coronavirus research and antiviral discovery.

The proposed products include the pre-GMP grade cell products derived from human EPSC for studying various of viruses, including but not limited to SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, their variants, and the influenza (Flu) virus. Antiviral drug candidates including the FDA approved drugs and natural products, will also be provided by using the stem cell-based platform.

Biography: Dr. Degong Ruan obtained his Ph.D. qualification in Development Biology at the Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Starting his academic career development at The University of Hong Kong, Dr. Ruan engaged in the project of trophoblast stem cells from human EPSC differentiation in the lab of Professor Pentao Liu. During his time at HKU, working along with Professor William Yeung's team from the HKU Department of O&G, Dr. Ruan established stem cell (iPSC) lines from human, pig, and mouse embryos. After a few years of academic training at HKU, Dr. Ruan decided to join the innovative program developed by Prof. Pentao Liu, with the support from Innovation and Technology Commission. He successfully patented the blastoid technology from the program with a jounral published in Cell Reports Medicine in late 2022.

Abstract: How chromatin is reprogrammed to a totipotent “ground state” at the start of life remains a crucial question in biology. Totipotency is the developmental potential of a cell to give rise to all cell types and a whole organism. Reprogramming in early embryos is thought to occur by resetting of epigenetic modifications and activation of embryonic transcription in a process known as zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Despite the fundamental importance of ZGA for subsequent development, its essential regulators remain largely unknown in mammals. We recently identified the orphan nuclear receptor Nr5a2 as an essential transcription factor that activates the majority of ZGA genes in mouse 2-cell embryos. Genomic and biochemical data provide evidence that Nr5a2 has pioneering activity to open chromatin. We conclude that Nr5a2 is a key pioneer factor that transcriptionally “awakens” the genome during ZGA.

Early development is also accompanied by changes in genome architecture. There is mounting evidence that a mechanism of loop extrusion folds the genome into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs). Loop extrusion is halted at genomic sites bound by the zinc finger transcription factor CTCF, which is the main barrier to loop extrusion. By taking advantage of the oocyte-to-embryo transition, we discovered that the minichromosome maintenance complexes (MCMs) that function as replicative helicases during DNA replication impede loop extrusion in G1 phase. Therefore, 3D genome organization is shaped by loop extrusion and distinct types of barriers.

Abstract: Cancers develop in complex tissue environments, which they depend upon for sustained growth, invasion and metastasis. Different tissue and tumor microenvironments are populated by diverse cell types including innate and adaptive immune cells, fibroblasts, blood and lymphatic vascular networks, and specialized organ-specific cell types, which collectively have critical functions in regulating tumorigenesis.  An example of an exquisitely organ-specific microenvironment is the brain, with a number of critical tissue-resident cells playing key roles in regulating brain cancer initiation, development and metastasis.

We explore how reciprocal communication between cancer cells and diverse immune and stromal cell types in the tumor microenvironment regulates each of the key stages of disease progression, as well as the response to therapeutic intervention.  We then exploit this knowledge to devise novel and effective strategies to therapeutically target the tumor microenvironment, with a special emphasis on brain cancers.

Abstract: The blueprints for developing organs are preset at the early stages of embryogenesis. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms are proposed to preset developmental trajectories. However, we reveal that the competence for the future cardiac fate of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is preset in pluripotency by a specialized mRNA translation circuit controlled by RBPMS. RBPMS is recruited to active ribosomes in hESCs to control the translation of essential factors needed for cardiac commitment program, including WNT signaling. Consequently, RBPMS loss specifically and severely impedes cardiac mesoderm specification leading to patterning and morphogenesis defects in human cardiac organoids. Mechanistically, RBPMS specializes mRNA translation, selectively via 3’UTR binding and globally by promoting translation initiation. Accordingly, RBPMS loss causes translation initiation defects highlighted by aberrant retention of the EIF3 complex and depletion of EIF5A from mRNAs, thereby abrogating ribosome recruitment. We reveal how future fate trajectories are programmed during embryogenesis by specialized mRNA translation.

Abstract: Embryogenesis, the process of forming a functioning organism from a fertilised egg involves the precise and complex orchestration of hundreds to billions of cells dividing, changing their position, shape or size across hours, days or months. This orchestration often consists in a predefined set of instructions which in turn implies that within species, embryos follow the same developmental program and therefore are morphologically similar. Nonetheless, this reproducibility of the development can be observed at different scales between different species, from a reproducibility at the single cell scale to the tissue scale. Here, we will discuss the different scales of reproducibility and their impact on the development by looking at two species that exhibit different embryogenesis programs: mice and ascidians. We will show how we quantified embryogenesis reproducibility by building dynamic statistical atlases of the development of these two species, at the single cell scale, from 3D movies acquired by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, we will show how such quantitative single-cell atlases allowed us to give insights on the ascidian evolutionary dilemma.

Abstract: Immunotherapy is leading a paradigm shift in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. However, the limited objective response rate and side effects impede the clinical applications of immunotherapy. As important biological entities and natural carriers for proteins and molecules, cells with low immunogenicity and toxicity have attracted considerable attention for biomedical applications and have achieved encouraging progress, especially in tumor immunotherapy. The convergence of multiple disciplines has equipped cell engineering with control over their spatiotemporal distribution to enhance treatment efficacy and reduce side effects. In this talk, I will introduce our recent efforts in locoregionally engineering tumor-associated macrophages to CAR-Macrophages for post-surgery glioma treatment, and enhancing tumor cell pyroptosis by preventing ESCRT-mediated cell membrane repair with bacteria-based delivery systems.

Abstract: X chromosome dosage compensation represents an epigenetic phenomenon where coordinated regulation of a whole chromosome is required to compensate the imbalance of X-linked gene dosage between the sexes. We study this process in placental mammals, where X chromosome dosage compensation occurs through X chromosome inactivation (XCI), which results in the formation and maintenance of the silent nuclear compartment of the inactive X-chromosome (Xi). XCI is an essential developmental process in which roughly a thousand genes are silenced by the non-coding RNA Xist and therefore offers the unique opportunity to understand mechanistically how RNA molecules can establish a distinct nuclear compartment. The female-specific mosaicism resulting from random inactivation of one of the two X-chromosomes impacts human health as it affects the outcome of X-linked diseases. Our recent advances in studying the complex interplay among Xist RNA, interacting proteins, chromatin and transcription will be presented. The talk will also address how a distinct X chromosome dosage compensation process is employed in early human development and our efforts towards developing unique treatments for X-linked diseases.

Abstract: Over the last two decades my lab has increasingly focused on the mechanisms whereby blood stem cells are subverted to cause haematological malignancies, using human myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) as a tractable model.

In work which transformed MPN diagnosis and catalysed development of therapeutic JAK inhibitors, we and others identified phenotypic driver mutations in JAK2 and CALR which activate the JAK/STAT pathway and are present in most MPN patients. We have subsequently employed a variety of approaches to describe the biological consequences of these mutations at molecular, cellular and organismal levels. In addition to altering clinical practice, our studies have led to unexpected insights into cancer biology as well as normal cytokine signalling.

Recent highlights include: (i) first demonstration in any cancer that mutation order affects stem and progenitor behaviour, thus influencing clinical presentation, disease outcome and response to therapy (Ortmann et al NEJM 2015); (ii) description of unexpected non-canonical mechanisms of JAK/STAT signalling (Dawson et al Nature 2009; Dawson et al Cell Reports 2013); Park et al EMBO J 2016); (iii) a new MPN classification based on causal biological mechanisms and the development of personalised predictions tailored to individual patients (Grinfeld et al NEJM 2018); (iv) the use of somatic mutations as clonal markers to reconstruct the cellular ancestry of human haematopoiesis (Lee-Six et al Nature 2018) and show that MPN driver mutations frequently arise in early childhood or in utero (Williams et al Nature 2022).

Abstract: Spatial omics aim to survey the natural state of cells in native tissues, to identify the location-defined cell fates and to understand how the cells are communicating within their community. The spatial transcriptomic analysis with the integration of single-cell RNA-seq, imaging reconstruction and tracing will allow for studying tissue heterogeneity at different scales, dissecting new layers of molecular connectivity between the genome and its functional output, and leading to many insightful discoveries during embryo development and tissue injury.

Biography: Work by Dr. Sonja Schrepfer is at the forefront of stem immunobiology and paves the way for treatment of a wide range of diseases – from supporting functional recovery of failing myocardium to the derivation of other cell types to treat diabetes, blindness, cancer, lung, neurodegenerative, and related diseases. She spent many years examining in detail the fetomaternal interface for application to the envisioned cell therapy. Her work demonstrates that hypo-immune cells reliably evade immune rejection in allogeneic recipients from various species, and further, these cells show long-term survival without immunosuppression. These findings - truly hypo-immunogeneic iPSCs - achieve the “holy grail” of stem cell immunobiology and have been have been highlighted in leading journals such as Nature and Science and by numerous prestigious awards.

Dr. Schrepfer is Professor at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), and Scientific Founder and SVP from Sana Biotechnology, Inc.

Abstract: Understanding lineage specification during human pre-implantation development is a key requirement to improve assisted reproductive technologies and stem cell research. Single-cell RNAseq has allowed insights into the processes orchestrating human pre-implantation development. However, the exact sequence of molecular events leading to cell fate specification remains to be defined. Here, we employ pseudotime analysis of scRNAseq data to reconstruct the developmental progress of early mouse and human embryo development. Using time-lapse annotated embryos, we provide an integrated analysis allowing precise ordering of continuous transcriptomic changes throughout human development. Our analysis revealed that human trophectoderm/inner cell mass transcriptomes diverge at the transition from the B2 to B3 blastocyst stage, just before blastocyst expansion. Moreover, we explore the dynamics of fate markers IFI16 and GATA4 and show that they gradually become mutually exclusive upon establishment of epiblast and primitive endoderm fates, respectively. We also provide evidence that NR2F2 marks trophectoderm maturation initiating from the polar side, and subsequently spreads to all cells after implantation. Altogether, our study pinpoints the precise timing of lineage specification events in the human embryo and identifies transcriptomic hallmarks and cell fate markers.

I will highlight how we used this knowledge of human embryos to benchmark existing stem cell models, including integrated models such as blastoids.

Abstract: Harnessing the power of the immune system to treat cancer has proven to be a promising therapeutic option for patients. The overall goal of Dr. Rafiq's research is to use mechanistic insight of immune effector cell function and interaction with cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment to inform the development and translation of novel engineered cellular immunotherapies. In particular, her work focuses on the genetic engineering of synthetic receptors known as Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CAR). Despite the transformative effect CAR T cells have had on the treatment of some types of leukemias and lymphoma in recent years, obstacles remain in expanding this technology for more widespread use in cancer.  As a translational cancer researcher, Dr. Rafiq's studies aim to engineer novel CARs to target both solid and hematological malignancies as well as deliver immune-modulating or toxic agents locally to the tumor microenvironment.

Abstract: The Regenerative Medicine of the future will rely on being able to produce a wide variety of “designer” tissues of choice (neurons, heart cells, liver cells, etc) that can be used for Personalised tissue replacement in the clinic. This dream has become achievable thanks to the Nobel Prize winning discovery 16 years ago of human induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells, a revolutionary technology allowing any cells in our body to be converted into pluripotent stem cells from which almost any desired target tissue of choice could be derived by differentiation in vitro.

However, key challenges have to be overcome before the promise of stem cell therapeutics becomes a reality. First, we do not yet know how to control with precision the differentiation of iPS cells into the target tissues of choice. Most procedures to induce differentiation of iPS cells remain quite inefficient, unspecific, and unsafe (i.e. some of the cells obtained after differentiation retain the capacity to keep proliferating and make tumours, for reasons that are not understood). Secondly, even when generated in exactly the same way in the laboratory, iPS cells derived from some people can be programmed better into target tissues than those from other people, for reasons that remain unknown.

In this talk Professor Carazo Salas will describe multicolour, multiday high-content microscopy phenomics pipelines that his group has recently established that enable to visualise and predict the dynamical cell fate changes of human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs) ‘live’, collectively and at single-cell level. He will describe the integrated experimental and computational approaches they have developed to make this possible, including novel ‘live’ reporters of cell fate and multi-reporter hPSC lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 allowing multiplexed monitoring of proliferation and fate dynamics as well as deep learning-enhanced morphological phenotyping methods, and briefly exemplify the biological discoveries they are enabling. Mapping the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of human stem cells as they proliferate and make cell fate decisions will be key in the future to improve our understanding of how to robustly engineer differentiated tissues for therapeutic applications.

Abstract: The adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of advanced cancers, with anti-CD19 CAR-T cells achieving up to 90% complete remission among patients with relapsed B-cell malignancies. However, challenges such as antigen escape and immunosuppression limit the long-term efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy. Here, I will discuss the development of and clinical data on next-generation T cells that can target multiple cancer antigens and resist antigen escape. I will also present recent work on tuning CAR signaling activities via rational protein design to achieve greater in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. This presentation will highlight the potential of synthetic biology in generating novel mammalian cell systems with multifunctional outputs for therapeutic applications.

Abstract: Recent years have seen the rapid growth of big data in immunology and immune-oncology research. However, leveraging the vast amount of public data resources to make new findings is still challenging for most immunologists due to the complexity and heterogeneity of published datasets. I will introduce two data-integrative frameworks developed to help immunologists to understand intercellular signaling mechanisms, with applications in studying cancer immunotherapy resistance. The first framework CytoSig (https://cytosig.ccr.cancer.gov) contains a vast amount of cytokine treatment response data curated from public repositories. CytoSig can reliably predict cytokine signaling cascades in human inflammatory diseases and cancers. The second framework Tres (https://resilience.ccr.cancer.gov) provides many T-cell genomics datasets and interactive functions for immune oncologists to study molecular markers of T-cell anti-tumor efficacies. The Tres model also identified FIBP knockout as a new approach to potentiate cellular immunotherapies in solid tumors.

Abstract: The process of implantation and the cellular interactions at the embryo-maternal interface are intrinsically difficult to analyse, as the implanting embryo is concealed by the uterine tissues. To examine the mechanisms mediating the interconnection of the embryo and the mother, we established a 3D biomimetic culture environment that harbours the key features of the implantation niche. This allowed direct analysis of trophoblast invasion and revealed the first embryonic interactions with the maternal vasculature. We found that implantation is mediated by the collective migration of penetrating strands of trophoblast giant cells, which acquire the expression of vascular receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules, assembling a network for communication with the maternal blood vessels.

Abstract: Old age is a major risk factor for many human diseases. Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) represents a prime example, as it exclusively affects people at old age. Sporadic AD represents the overwhelming majority of all cases, and familial genetically defined early-onset cases are rare. Still, most research on AD has been performed on genetic causes and their directly related pathways, also because we were in lack of models that can reflect complex human genetics, physiology, and age in an appropriate human neuronal context. While patient-specific iPSC-based models represent an attractive solution, iPSC reprogramming results in cellular rejuvenation and thus yields phenotypically young neurons. By contrast, direct conversion of old patient fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNs) preserves endogenous signatures of aging. To control for the involvement of aging in human neuronal models for AD, we combined both technologies and generated age-equivalent fibroblast-derived iNs, as well as rejuvenated iPSC-derived neurons from a large cohort of AD patients and controls. In addition to their rejuvenated state, we found that iPSC neurons transcriptionally resemble prenatal developmental stages, while iNs reflect old epigenetic ages, adult-like transcriptome stages, and show little correlation with the prenatal brain. Thus, not surprisingly, only age-equivalent adult-like iNs, but not rejuvenated prenatal-like iPSC neurons, revealed strong AD patient-specific signatures that revealed high concordance with bulk and single cell transcriptome data from earlier post-mortem studies. Longitudinal identity and cellular ontogenesis mapping revealed that AD iNs reflect a hypo-mature neuronal identity characterized by markers of stress, cell cycle, glycolytic reprogramming, and de-differentiation, and which share similarities with malignant cancer cell transformation and age-dependent epigenetic erosion. Pathological isoform switching of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PKM) towards the cancer-associated PKM2 isoform conferred a large proportion of the transcriptional and metabolic alterations in AD iNs, both via metabolic malfunctions and via nuclear translocation. Our patient-based iN model thus identifies AD-related neuronal changes as part of an active cellular program that impairs neuronal cell identity and neuronal resilience by utilizing cancer-related patho-mechanisms.

Abstract: Reconstructing the circuits that control how cells adopt specific fates and engineering these circuits to reprogram cellular functions are major challenges in biology. I will introduce a series of experimental and computational frameworks such as “Waddington-OT”, “Raman2RNA” for reconstructing molecular dynamics over time and in live cells through single-cell genomics and imaging. I will introduce how we can use these approaches to  decode the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing reprogramming and development.

Abstract: Despite the unprecedented clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy against B cell malignancies, its widespread application is limited by lengthy and labor-intensive ex vivo manufacturing procedures that result in: (i) high cost; (ii) delays to infuse CAR-T cells to patients with rapidly progressing disease; and (iii) CAR-T cells with heterogeneous composition and terminal differentiation, which limit their engraftment and persistence. In this presentation, I will present two biomaterial technologies to streamline CAR-T cell manufacturing and reduce processing time to just a few hours. Our scaffolds facilitate in situ T cell activation and proliferation and provide the appropriate interface for viral vector-mediated gene transfer and subsequent T cell release. Scaffolds seeded with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD19-encoding retroviral particles and implanted subcutaneously on the same day efficiently generate CAR-T cells in vivo. These in vivo-generated CAR-T cells enter the blood stream, control tumor growth and show enhanced persistence compared to conventionally produced CAR-T cells. Taken together, MASTER promises to transform CAR-T cell therapy, through fast-tracking manufacturing and potentially reducing the costs of this therapy.

Abstract: Recent advances in single-cell technologies have elucidated the transcriptional heterogeneity in cancer cells and has enabled identification of sub-populations in tumors. However, the functional consequences of this transcriptional heterogeneity remain unknown. Do distinct transcriptional units correspond to functional differences in tumor cells? And can we identify and predict immature tumor initiating cells that have been shown to drive tumor growth and metastasis? We performed single cell RNA sequencing in breast cancer patient samples and developed a novel computational tool, CytoTRACE that can agnostically determine immature cell populations across different tissues, organisms, and diseased states. By using a combination of single-cell data, CytoTRACE, bulk tumor deconvolution, patient derived xenografts and lineage tracing we have identified distinct populations of cells in breast cancer responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. We have found that the hematopoietic transcriptional adaptor and T-cell leukemia oncogene, LMO2, is critical for early metastatic dissemination. Our work is now focused on the molecular signaling that maintains/drives transitions of distinct cell populations and the factors in the microenvironment that influence these transitions.

Abstract: The Morrison laboratory studies the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate stem cell function and the role these mechanisms play in cancer. They identified a series of mechanisms that distinguish the self-renewal of stem cells from the proliferation of restricted progenitors in the same tissues and identified niches that maintain stem cells in adult hematopoietic tissues. The Morrison lab has also studied the mechanisms that regulate metastasis, discovering that melanoma metastasis is limited by oxidative stress. Rare metastasizing cells survive this stress by undergoing metabolic changes that reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species and confer oxidative stress resistance. This suggests the possibility of limiting cancer progression with pro-oxidant therapies that exacerbate the oxidative stress experienced by cancer cells.  Dr. Morrison completed a B.Sc. in biology and chemistry at Dalhousie University (1991), a Ph.D. in immunology at Stanford University (1996), and a postdoctoral fellowship in neurobiology at Caltech (1999). Dr. Morrison is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator (since 2000) and the founding Director of Children’s Research Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (since 2011). He was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2018 and the National Academy of Sciences in 2020. Dr. Morrison served as the President of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (2015-16), testified before the U.S. Congress, and served as a leader in the successful “Proposal 2” campaign to protect stem cell research in Michigan’s state constitution (2008).

Abstract: The process of implantation and the cellular interactions at the embryo-maternal interface are intrinsically difficult to analyse, as the implanting embryo is concealed by the uterine tissues. To examine the mechanisms mediating the interconnection of the embryo and the mother, we established a 3D biomimetic culture environment that harbours the key features of the implantation niche. This allowed direct analysis of trophoblast invasion and revealed the first embryonic interactions with the maternal vasculature. We found that implantation is mediated by the collective migration of penetrating strands of trophoblast giant cells, which acquire the expression of vascular receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules, assembling a network for communication with the maternal blood vessels.

Abstract: The process of implantation and the cellular interactions at the embryo-maternal interface are intrinsically difficult to analyse, as the implanting embryo is concealed by the uterine tissues. To examine the mechanisms mediating the interconnection of the embryo and the mother, we established a 3D biomimetic culture environment that harbours the key features of the implantation niche. This allowed direct analysis of trophoblast invasion and revealed the first embryonic interactions with the maternal vasculature. We found that implantation is mediated by the collective migration of penetrating strands of trophoblast giant cells, which acquire the expression of vascular receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules, assembling a network for communication with the maternal blood vessels.

Abstract: The process of implantation and the cellular interactions at the embryo-maternal interface are intrinsically difficult to analyse, as the implanting embryo is concealed by the uterine tissues. To examine the mechanisms mediating the interconnection of the embryo and the mother, we established a 3D biomimetic culture environment that harbours the key features of the implantation niche. This allowed direct analysis of trophoblast invasion and revealed the first embryonic interactions with the maternal vasculature. We found that implantation is mediated by the collective migration of penetrating strands of trophoblast giant cells, which acquire the expression of vascular receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules, assembling a network for communication with the maternal blood vessels.

Abstract: The process of implantation and the cellular interactions at the embryo-maternal interface are intrinsically difficult to analyse, as the implanting embryo is concealed by the uterine tissues. To examine the mechanisms mediating the interconnection of the embryo and the mother, we established a 3D biomimetic culture environment that harbours the key features of the implantation niche. This allowed direct analysis of trophoblast invasion and revealed the first embryonic interactions with the maternal vasculature. We found that implantation is mediated by the collective migration of penetrating strands of trophoblast giant cells, which acquire the expression of vascular receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules, assembling a network for communication with the maternal blood vessels.